The world of root vegetables can be surprisingly complex, especially when it comes to distinguishing between similar-looking and similarly-named varieties. In the United States, the term “yam” is frequently used, but often incorrectly. This article aims to clarify the true identity of yams in the American context, explore their historical journey, and shed light on the common confusion with sweet potatoes. We’ll delve into their nutritional value, culinary uses, and how to ensure you’re actually buying what you intend.
The Sweet Potato Predicament: A Case of Mislabeling
The most important aspect to understand about “yams” in the United States is that what is commonly sold under that name is, in almost all instances, actually a type of sweet potato. This mislabeling stems from a historical marketing tactic used to differentiate between varieties of sweet potatoes.
The Louisiana Connection: Marketing the Moist
Around the early 20th century, farmers in Louisiana began growing a moist, orange-fleshed variety of sweet potato. To distinguish this type from the drier, paler sweet potatoes already available, they began calling it a “yam,” borrowing the name from the African word “nyami,” which refers to true yams. This name stuck, and over time, many sweet potatoes were marketed as yams, blurring the lines significantly.
A National Identity Crisis: Yams vs. Sweet Potatoes on Shelves
Today, you’ll typically find two main types of sweet potatoes in American grocery stores. One has a lighter, golden skin and pale yellow flesh. These are usually labeled as “sweet potatoes.” The other variety has a reddish-brown skin and a vibrant orange flesh. These are often labeled as “yams,” even though they are, in fact, a type of sweet potato. This widespread misnomer continues to contribute to the confusion.
True Yams: The Real Deal
So, if what we usually see labeled as yams are sweet potatoes, what are true yams? True yams (Dioscorea) are a completely different species of tuber altogether, originating from Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean.
Distinct Characteristics: A World Apart
True yams are significantly different from sweet potatoes in appearance, texture, and taste. They are typically much larger, often growing to several feet in length and weighing over 100 pounds. Their skin is rough, scaly, and brown or black, resembling tree bark. The flesh can range in color from white to yellow to purple, depending on the variety.
Flavor Profile: Starchier and Less Sweet
In terms of flavor, true yams are generally starchier and less sweet than sweet potatoes. Their texture is also drier and more floury. They often require more cooking time to become tender.
Availability in the US: A Rare Find
While you might find true yams in specialty grocery stores, international markets (especially those catering to African or Caribbean communities), or online retailers, they are not as readily available as sweet potatoes in the United States. When you do find them, they are often labeled as “true yams” or by their specific variety name (e.g., “white yam”).
Sweet Potatoes: The Stars of the Show (Labeled as Yams)
Given the prevalence of sweet potatoes being marketed as yams in the US, let’s take a closer look at these versatile root vegetables.
Varieties Abound: Colors and Textures
Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) come in various varieties, each with its own unique characteristics. The ones most often mistaken for yams are the moist, orange-fleshed varieties like Garnet, Jewel, and Beauregard. Other common types include the drier, pale-fleshed varieties mentioned earlier, such as those with golden skin and yellow flesh.
Nutritional Powerhouse: Vitamins and Minerals
Sweet potatoes are incredibly nutritious, packed with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. They are an excellent source of vitamin A (in the form of beta-carotene), vitamin C, manganese, copper, and fiber. They also contain vitamin B6, potassium, and iron.
Health Benefits: From Vision to Immunity
The nutrients in sweet potatoes contribute to numerous health benefits, including improved vision, enhanced immune function, better digestion, and reduced risk of chronic diseases. The high antioxidant content helps protect against cell damage caused by free radicals.
Culinary Uses: A World of Possibilities (For Sweet Potatoes Marketed as Yams)
Sweet potatoes, regardless of whether they are labeled as “yams” or “sweet potatoes,” are incredibly versatile in the kitchen.
Sweet and Savory: From Pies to Fries
They can be used in both sweet and savory dishes, from classic sweet potato pie and casseroles to roasted vegetables, fries, and soups. Their natural sweetness pairs well with spices like cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, and cloves.
Global Cuisine: A Versatile Ingredient
Sweet potatoes are a staple ingredient in many cuisines around the world. They are used in curries, stews, and stir-fries in Asian countries, and are often roasted or mashed in European and American dishes. In Latin America, they are used in desserts and side dishes.
Preparation Methods: Roasting, Boiling, and Beyond
Sweet potatoes can be prepared in various ways, including roasting, baking, boiling, steaming, frying, and grilling. Roasting brings out their natural sweetness and caramelizes their sugars. Boiling or steaming is a healthier option that preserves more of their nutrients.
Decoding the Label: How to Tell the Difference (Primarily Identifying Sweet Potato Varieties)
While the labeling in US grocery stores can be misleading, there are some clues you can use to try and discern what you’re actually buying.
Skin and Flesh Color: A Visual Guide
Pay attention to the skin and flesh color. Sweet potatoes marketed as “yams” typically have reddish-brown skin and deep orange flesh. Sweet potatoes labeled as “sweet potatoes” usually have lighter golden skin and pale yellow flesh.
Texture: Moist vs. Dry
Consider the texture. Sweet potatoes marketed as “yams” tend to be moist and soft when cooked, while those labeled as “sweet potatoes” are typically drier and firmer.
Ask the Produce Manager: Expert Advice
If you’re unsure, don’t hesitate to ask the produce manager at your local grocery store. They may be able to provide more information about the specific varieties they carry and how they are labeled.
Consider the Source: Where It’s Grown
Sometimes, knowing the origin of the produce can help. Sweet potatoes grown in certain regions may be more likely to be labeled in a particular way. However, this is not always reliable.
The Bottom Line: Embrace the Sweet Potato
Ultimately, whether you call them “yams” or “sweet potatoes,” these nutritious and delicious root vegetables deserve a place in your diet. While true yams are a distinct food, what’s typically sold as yams in the US are simply a specific variety of sweet potato. Understanding this distinction allows you to make informed choices and enjoy the many culinary possibilities that sweet potatoes offer. Focus on choosing the variety that best suits your taste and cooking needs, regardless of how it’s labeled. Enjoy the sweetness, the health benefits, and the versatility of this wonderful vegetable. Remember that regardless of the name on the sign, you’re likely getting a sweet potato, and that’s perfectly alright!
What is the common “yam” sold in US grocery stores?
The “yams” you typically find in US grocery stores are actually varieties of sweet potatoes. Specifically, they are often cultivars of sweet potatoes with a reddish skin and orange flesh. These are marketed as “yams” due to historical marketing practices that differentiated them from lighter-skinned, drier sweet potatoes.
This mislabeling began in the early 20th century when orange-fleshed sweet potatoes were introduced to the US market. To distinguish them from the more common pale-skinned varieties, they were marketed as “yams,” borrowing a name from a West African word (nyami) for a similar starchy tuber. This misnomer has persisted, leading to considerable confusion.
Are true yams available in the USA?
Yes, true yams are available in the USA, but they are not as commonly found as sweet potatoes labeled as “yams.” You’re more likely to find them in international grocery stores, particularly those specializing in African, Caribbean, or Asian cuisine.
These true yams are imported and distinct from the sweet potatoes typically sold as “yams.” They possess a rough, scaly skin, a starchy, drier flesh, and are significantly larger than sweet potatoes. Their availability also tends to be seasonal.
How can I tell the difference between a true yam and a sweet potato at the grocery store?
The easiest way to tell the difference is to look for labeling. If the label says “sweet potato,” even if it also says “yam,” it’s likely a sweet potato. True yams are rarely labeled as such in mainstream grocery stores.
Consider the appearance as well. Sweet potatoes, even the “yam” varieties, have smoother skin and a more uniform shape. True yams have rough, almost bark-like skin and can be quite large and irregularly shaped. Also, look at the origin of the product; true yams are typically imported.
What is the taste and texture difference between a true yam and a sweet potato?
True yams have a drier, starchier texture compared to sweet potatoes. Their flavor is also more neutral and less sweet than sweet potatoes. Some describe the taste as similar to a russet potato, but slightly earthier.
Sweet potatoes, on the other hand, are known for their moist texture and sweet flavor, especially when roasted. Even the varieties marketed as “yams” retain this inherent sweetness, making them a popular ingredient in desserts and sweet side dishes.
Are there nutritional differences between true yams and sweet potatoes?
Yes, there are nutritional differences. While both are nutritious root vegetables, sweet potatoes are generally higher in Vitamin A and beta-carotene, giving them their characteristic orange color. They also tend to have a higher sugar content.
True yams are a good source of Vitamin C and dietary fiber. They also contain more potassium compared to sweet potatoes. The exact nutritional profiles vary depending on the specific variety of both yam and sweet potato.
Why is the mislabeling of sweet potatoes as “yams” still happening?
The mislabeling continues primarily due to consumer familiarity and established marketing practices. Many consumers have grown up knowing orange-fleshed sweet potatoes as “yams,” and changing the labeling would require significant marketing efforts.
Furthermore, the term “yam” has become ingrained in certain cultural and culinary traditions in the United States, particularly in the South. It would be difficult to undo years of established usage and consumer perception.
If I’m following a recipe that calls for “yams,” what should I use?
Unless the recipe specifically calls for a true yam, you should use the orange-fleshed sweet potatoes commonly sold as “yams” in US grocery stores. These are the ingredient typically expected when a recipe refers to “yams.”
If the recipe originates from a region where true yams are more common (e.g., West Africa, the Caribbean), and the recipe specifies distinct characteristics of a true yam (like drier texture), you might consider seeking out a true yam from a specialty store for a more authentic result. Otherwise, the orange sweet potato will work well.